There are two related, but conceptually distinct five-factor models, although many psychologists refer to the two interchangeably. Costa and McCrae's "OCEAN model" is based on factor analyses of questionnaires. It is hierarchical, in that the five factors are derived from factor analyses of lower-order facets. Goldberg's "Big Five," by contrast, are based primarily on factor analyses of adjectives and are not hierarchical, but circular.

	Extraversion/ Surgency	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Emotional Stability	Intellect/ Openness
Costa and McCrae	Extraversion	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Neuroticism (r)	Openness
Adler	Superiority Striving	Social Interest			Superiority Striving
Bakan	Agency	Communion			Agency
Bales	Dominant Iniative	Social-Emotional Orientation	Task Orientation
Bartholomew	Model of Other (Avoidance) (r)			Model of Self (Anxiety) (r)
Block	Low Ego Control		High Ego Control	Ego Resiliency
Buss and Plomin	Activity		Impulsivity	Emotionality (r)
Cattell	Exvia (vs. Invia)	Pathemia (vs. Cortertia)	Superego Strength	Adjustment vs. Anxiety	Independence vs. Subduedness
Comrey	Extraversion and Activity	Femininity	Orderliness and Social Conformity	Emotional Stability	Rebelliousness
Digman	Beta	Alpha			Beta
Erikson		Basic Trust
Eysenck	Extraversion	Psychoticism (r)		Neuroticism (r)
Fiske	Confident Self-Expression	Social Adaptability	Conformity	Emotional Control	Inquiring Intellect
Freud		Psychosexual Development
Goldberg	Surgency	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Emotional Stability	Intellect
Gough	Extraversion	Consensuality	Control		Flexibility
Guilford	Social Activity	Paranoid Disposition (r)	Thinking Introversion	Emotional Stability
Hogan	Ambition and Sociability	Likeability	Prudence	Adjustment	Intellectance
Horney		Moving Toward
Jackson	Outgoing, Social Leadership	Self-Protective Orientation (r)	Work Orientation	Dependence (r)	Aesthetic / Intellectual
Leary	Control / Dominance	Affiliation / Love
Maslow	Self-Actualization				Self-Actualization
McAdams	Power Motivation	Intimacy Motivation			Power Motivation
Myers- Briggs	Extraversion vs. Introversion	Feeling vs. Thinking	Judging vs. Perception		Intuition vs. Sensing
Peabody	Power	Love	Work	Affect	Intellect
Rank	Individuation	Union			Individuation
Rogers	Personal Growth				Personal Growth
Skinner		Socialization
Tellegen	Positive Emotionality		Constraint	Negative Emotionality	Absorption
Watson		Socialization
Wiggins	Agency	Communion			Agency
Zuckerman	Extraversion		Psychoticism, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking (r)	Neuroticism (r)	Psychoticism, Impulsivity, Sensation Seeking
	Extraversion/ Surgency	Agreeableness	Conscientiousness	Emotional Stability	Intellect/ Openness

Note: (r) means "reversed scored." (This table is adapted from Digman [1997], Griffin & Bartholomew [1994], John [1990], and McCrae & Costa [1996].)

Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). The metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 5, pp. 17-52). London: Jessica Kingsley.

John, O. P. (1990). The "Big Five" factor taxonomy: Dimensions of personality in the natural language and in questionnaires. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (pp. 66-100). New York: Guilford.

McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51-87). New York: Guilford.

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